Coffee consumption Essay

Workforce of Farm Management, Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Timisoara, 119 Calea Aradului, Timisoara; Romania; petz_elena@yahoo. com 2 ) Faculty Economics Science, University Tibiscus Timisoara, 1/A Daliei St. , Timisoara, Romania Abstract. The espresso showcase is a powerful market due to the various mades, to the wide scope of collections and to the high number of individuals that are increasingly advanced. There has been of late a pattern toward pre-bundled espresso, I. e. towards top notch produce and to bigger weight espresso bundles. Regardless of the significant expense of the espresso, Romanians drink increasingly more espresso. The main arrangement is ground espresso followed by solvent espresso. Watchwords: needs, yearnings, request, offer, utilization, conduct, showcase INTRODUCTION Marketing research isn't an accurate science, and it's anything but a precise science either. It is tied in with working with individuals, with their ever-changing necessities and wants under the effect of several elements that are pretty much known. Market investigation shows what individuals wish to buy, to expend, or to utilize. Generally speaking, this implies something other than what's expected from what organizations need us to accept, to create and to sell. It isn't sufficient to must investigation people’s needs; we ought to likewise know people’s wants and yearnings. The fundamental part of promoting research is the investigation of purchaser conduct. The examination of purchaser conduct concerns various perspectives during the time spent purchasing choice (e. g. people’s demeanor towards data, the decision of the buy place, constancy towards the made, getting mindful of the value, knowing consumer’s troublesome nature, and so on ). Customer conduct is a mind boggling marvel and, simultaneously, an interdisciplinary field. MATERIALS AND METHODS This investigation targets introducing the espresso purchaser profile, the manner in which the picking and buying of the various sorts of espresso available is done, and the manner in which espresso made reputation is resolved. The objective populace comprised of the considerable number of individuals matured more than 18 and living in Timisoara. The inspecting strategy we utilized was the standards technique. In applying this technique, we began from the qualities of the objective populace (e. g. age, sex, occupation, and so forth ). Test size differs relying upon the push limit and on the acknowledged mistake. The manner in which the poll was applied comprised in a field overview, I. e. addressing individuals outside the shops. 362 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION At present, shoppers are experts of their livelihoods. Social separation separates earnings and decides critical varieties of the utilization structure. Knowing the structure of the consumer’s mentality is a decent chance to research the causes deciding the acknowledgment or dismissal of a produce. The most significant methods is investigating consumer’s wants. Question no. 1 in our poll, â€Å"Do you drink espresso? † is a channel question. Because of the appropriate responses we got to this inquiry, we could see that 56% of the individuals we addressed beverage espresso; 17% addressed hello don't drink espresso by any means; and 27% addressed they just beverage espresso some of the time. In this manner, the 17 individuals noting they never drink espresso were expelled from the examination. The response to address, â€Å"How frequently do you drink espresso? † brought about the accompanying answers: 92% of the respondents addressed they drink espresso day by day; while 8% addressed they drink espresso sporadically. The response to the inquiry, â€Å"Who buys the espresso in your family? † indicated that the housewife does it (76% of the cases). Concerning the inquiry, â€Å"How regularly do you buy espresso? † 40% of the respondents addressed they buy it once every month, 28% addressed they buy it two times every month, and 20% addressed they buy it rather sometimes. With respect to the measure of espresso individuals buy, the figure underneath shows that 40% of the espresso buyers lean toward bundles of 500 g, while 36% incline toward bundles of 250 g (Fig. 1). 40% 36% 35% 30% 25% 20% 16% 15% 8% 10% 5% 0% 250 g 500 g 1000 g More Fig. 1. Measure of espresso bought The responses to address, â€Å"On what event do you buy coffee?†, 72% of the respondents said they buy espresso for the day by day utilization, while 8% said they buy espresso for different objectives. The survey demonstrated that 64% of the respondents buy their espresso at the hyeprmarket and store, 24% of the respondents buy espresso from the corner shops, and 12% buy espresso from the market. With respect to the espresso made, we could see that 48% of the respondents lean toward the Jakobs made, 24% buy the Elita made, 16% buy the Amigo made, 8% buy the Tchibo made, and 4% buy the Amaroy and Lavazza mades (Fig.2). The responses to address, â€Å"What do you acknowledge most in the espresso you buy? †, half of the respondents addressed it is flavor, 40% addressed it is the taste, and 10% 363 addressed it is quality. Asfor the elements impacting buy choice, we could see from the respondents answers that 44% of them are affected by the cost, 28% addressed they are impacted by the made, and 20% of the respondents let it out is the promoting (Fig. 3). 48% half 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 24% 16% 8% 4% Elita Jacobs Amigo Tchibo Other determinations. Fig. 2. Espresso mades 44% 45% 40% 35% 28% 30% 25% 20% 15% 8% 10% 5% 0% Advertising Price Packaging Trade Fig. 3. Components impacting buy choice 40% 32% 35% 28% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Home, in family At the bistro/At w ork (school), patio, w ith the programmed companions espresso Fig. 4. Most loved spot for espresso utilization 364 The responses to address, â€Å"Where do you as a rule have your espresso? †, demonstrated that 40% of the respondents addressed it is at home, 32% addressed they have their espresso with their companions, at cafés, on porches, and so on. , and 28% of the respondents said they have their espresso at their work place, from the espresso machine (Fig. 4). Concerning the age of the respondents, we could see that 36% of them are matured 26-40, 28% are matured 18-25, 20% are matured 41-65, and 16% are matured over 65. From the perspective of their salary, 56% of the respondents procure under 1,000 LEI/month, 20% gain somewhere in the range of 1,000 and 1,500 LEI/month, 16% of the respondents win between 1,501 LEI/month and 2,000 LEI/month, and just 8% of the respondents acquire in excess of 2,000 LEI/month. Ends. So as to get better exhibitions, any organization needs a solid customer situated advertising methodology. In this way, it is essential to screen and study the customer conduct from all perspectives: kind of purchaser, age, sex, occupation, gathering of appurtenance, character, culture, and so forth the inquiries promoting administrators should use in their examinations and molding of procurement conduct and utilization conduct in their endeavor to all the more likely conclude how to respond are such inquiries as Who? , When? , How? , How much? , From where? , what number occasions? , and so forth. To have a more critical glance at the elements impacting the conduct of the espresso buyer we have done the current investigation by applying a survey to various 60 individuals whose principle regular element is that they all live in the city of Timisoara. On the ground of this examination, we can reach the accompanying determinations: 56% of the respondents drink espresso, 27% beverage it here and there, and 17% never; 92% of the respondents drink espresso day by day, while 8% drink it once in a while; 76% of the espresso buyers are ladies; 40% of the respondents buy espresso once per month, 28% two times every month, and 20% rather sometimes; 40% of the respondents incline toward bundles of 500 g, while 36% favor 250 g bundles; 72% of the respondents buy espresso for their every day utilization, while 8% buy it for different reasons; 64% of the respondents buy their espresso at the hyeprmarket and grocery store, 24% from the corner shops, and 12% from the market, 48% of the respondents lean toward the Jakobs made, 24% Elita, 16% Amigo, 8% Tchibo, and 4% Amaroy and Lavazza; half of the respondents buy espresso for its flavor, 40% for its taste, and 10% for its quality; 44% of the respondents are impacted by the espresso cost in their buy, 28% by the made, and 10% by the includes; 40% of the respondents lean toward have their espresso at home, 32% around, and 28% at the work place; 36% of the respondents were matured 26-40, 28% were matured 18-25, 20% were matured 41-65, and 16% were matured over 65. 56% of the respondents procure under 1,0 00 LEI/month , 20% acquire somewhere in the range of 1,000 and 1, 500 LEI/month, 16% of the respondents gain between 1,501 LEI/month and 2 ,000 LEI/mon th, and on ly 8% of the respondents win in excess of 2,000 LEI/month. REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Pastry specialist J. M. (1997). Showcasing †Societatea Stiintifica si Tehnica S. A. ,Bucuresti Balaure V. (2000) Marketing †Ed. Uranus, Bucuresti Demetrescu M. C. (2000) Metode de analiza in promoting †Ed. Teora, Bucuresti Foltean Florin (2000) Cercetari de advertising editi an II-a †Ed. Mirton, Timisoara Kotler Ph. (1997) Managementul marketingului †Ed. Teora, Bucuresti Niculescu Elena (2000) Marketing current †Ed. Polirom, Iasi Pet Elena (2004) Marketing agrar, Ed. Marineasa Pruteanu Stefan, Corneliu Munteanu, Cezar Caluschi †Inteligenta. Advertising in addition to †Ed. Polirom 365.

Can China Rise Peacefully Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Would china be able to Rise Peacefully - Term Paper Example ry, when it needed to turn into the provincial authoritative intensity of the Western Hemisphere will give the foundation of the contentions introduced in this in like manner. Above all, the center of this examination is set in the contentions of two adversarial speculations of global relations, Neo-authenticity and Liberalism, which will give the hypothetical establishments to the contentions that will follow. With the end goal of clearness and objectivity, this examination will consider the disparate hypothetical points of view regarding the potential results of China’s expanding confidence and purpose for local authority of Asia Pacific to the overarching US-drove worldwide force balance. At long last, this examination will finish up by coordinating the two contentions to introduce a complete and all around educated point of view regarding the current matter without sounding excessively one-sided in conclusion. Throughout the years, from late twentieth century through mid 21st century, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) has encountered a stead and noteworthy monetary development record that has seen it rise as a huge player in worldwide issues, persuading the west of its plan to be a superpower (Ming, 2014). The discussion encompassing the quick development of China’s economy, just as its expanding worldwide impact in world legislative issues for as far back as two decades has rotated around the conceivable effect of the ascent on worldwide force relations (Yue, J. 2008 p.439). China’s expanding confidence in the Asia-Pacific locale has created scene in the worldwide political fields with supposed feelings of trepidation over its procedures of development and the danger it postures to the worldwide force balance (Guo 2007, p.228). Put in context, the exacerbating worldwide financial circumstance from the beginning of 2008 has additionally bothered apprehensions over t he probability of a destabilization in the worldwide force framework, even with the rising China danger. A few procedures have just been started to contain China’s expanding impact in the Asia-pacific

The Broke Persons Guide to Thanksgiving

The Broke Persons Guide to Thanksgiving The Broke Persons Guide to Thanksgiving The Broke Persons Guide to ThanksgivingThanksgiving can feel like a time that you need to go all out, but dont let the gobble gobble of a pricey turkey dinner gobble up your savings!With the end of Halloween, Christmas is here once more! Or so the mainstream media wants you to believe! But here at the OppLoans Financial Sense blog, we know that there’s a holiday after Halloween and before Christmas that deserves its due!That’s right, we’re talking Thanksgiving. Turkey time. The cornucopia crunch. The pilgrim programming block. The mashed potato main event. The gravy gala. The cornbread coronation. The wishbone wonderfest.Whatever you call it, it’s a time to get together with family to watch a parade, toss the football around, and eat until you’re physically incapable of eating anymore. But whether you’re traveling or whether you’re hosting, it can get very expensive.That’s why we spoke to the experts to get you these savings tips so the only turkey this  year  will be the one on the plate! Shop smarter, not harder.If you’re hosting Thanksgiving dinner, you could be doing a lot of shopping. But with some shopping strategies, you can bring your costs down significantly.“Dont be so focused on fresh items as theyll be priced higher during the holidays,” advised Claudia Sidoti, Head Chef at HelloFresh (@HelloFresh). “Stocks, canned soups, and vegetables are often on sale this time of year and can be used in dishes for several months following Thanksgiving.“Consider buying ‘out-of-the-box’ items like corn and potatoes as theyre easy on a  budget. Try picking up a grocery store turkey, which will cost much less, and can even be bought early and stored in the freezer to save even more.”You can also use the time-tested strategy of buying a lot of stuff at once.“For items like paper towels and certain dishes, it’s just better to buy in bulk,” suggested Amanda Raimondi, lifestyle expert and writer for Kiwi Searches (@kiwisearches).“ Not to mention, who doesn’t love Thanksgiving leftovers? You will probably be able to eat those leftovers for many days after. So go grocery shopping at places like Costco to get more for your money.”Couponicopia.Coupons can help you save money at any time of the year. And Thanksgiving? Yep, it’s a time of the year.“Most grocery stores have sales for Thanksgiving,” Raimondi told us. They want you to make your food purchases there. All the popular items like corn, mashed potatoes, vegetables, and stuffing will be on sale somewhere.You may even get a coupon circular in the mail as I do. If you’re really lucky, certain grocery stores offer a free turkey if you earn enough points during the year at their store.”It’s your potlucky day.Much like in the (admittedly apocryphal) accounts of the original Thanksgiving, the meal is better if everyone brings something to the table.“Dont let anyone who offers come empty-handed,” recommended Holly Wolf, Director of Customer Eng agement for SOLO Laboratories (@SOLO_labs). “Or, dont let anyone come empty-handed.I give specific things like bring two pumpkin pies, or bring rolls and a salad. For those who dont want to cook, suggest bringing butter, wine, salad or festive paper plates to make your clean up fast and easy.If you have a family of people coming that lives close by, ask if they would mind picking up the turkey. Even at $20, for a family of four, thats just five dollars eachâ€"a small contribution.”Narrow down the menu.Instead of making everything you can and wasting time and money on food that might not actually be eaten, you can make your guests put their mouth where their mouth is via the magic of democracy.“Take a vote on the menu,” advised Wolf. “Offer options and see what people select. For example, I ask if you want sweet potatoes, mac and cheese, potato filling (its a Pennsylvania Dutch thing), dried corn (again a PA Dutch thing) or noodle pudding (a family tradition).They each vote on two. This year, were having sweet potatoes and potato filling. Thats less work and less expense than having all of the side dishes. Few like salad or soup on Thanksgiving, so I no longer make that.”Batch drinks arent just for college parties.Whether you enjoy drinkingâ€"or just need it to get through dinner with some of your more difficult relativesâ€"there are ways to save on Thanksgiving thirst time.“I am a huge fan of doing big batch cocktails,” Sidoti told us. “This way, you avoid buying a ton of different types of alcohol and mixers which can really add up!Try something simple and classic like cranberry juice and vodka. Keep it cold in pitchers in the fridge before serving and use a giant punch bowl with plenty of ice! Try boxed wine! Its much cheaper than bottled wine and good for the environment.”Just (get creative with) desserts.Thanksgiving dessert. Because you need something else to eat after you’ve already eaten so much you can’t possibly eat anymore. Pr obably something sweet!“Making your own pie crust is much cheaper than buying it frozen or prepared,” advised Sidoti. “Use leftover Halloween candy to bake fun desserts or swap store-bought chocolate chips for the candy shavings. Chop finely and you get a mix in for some of your favorite cookie recipes!”Fly me to the food, let me play among the carbs.If you’re the guest, rather than the host, and you need to travel to get to the meal, you’re probably dreading the holiday travel costs. But putting off booking your trip is only going to make it worse.Tracy Julien, VP of Marketing for GuidedChoice (@GuidedChoice), offered this advice: “With Thanksgiving being a month away, this tip might not help for this year, but hopefully it can be of use for the future.Thanksgiving week is one of the most traveled weeks of the year so getting ahead of the hustle and bustle can save you time and money. Traveling during this time of year will always be more expensive but if you have pla ns, start looking months in advance. Waiting till the last minute can burn a huge hole in your wallet.The next tip is not for everyone but can still save you. Taking early or late flights will be cheaper. If you are willing to sacrifice some sleep, go for these early flights. Early flights are cheaper, and they likely give a full first day at your destination!Plan your holiday travel and you’ll thank yourself later. The less stress during these crazy times, the better!”If you thought the Macy’s Parade was neat, just wait till you see the parade they’ll throw you for being such a great Thanksgiving saver. Maybe you’ll even get to ride the Garfield balloon!To read more about saving money, check out these related posts from OppLoans:The Broke Person’s Guide to Dating7 Tips for Eating Out on the CheapHow to Save Money When You’re Already on a Tight Budget8 Ways To Save Money Today, Tomorrow and Every Day AfterWhat are your best strategies for cutting Thanksgiving costs? We want to hear from you! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.Visit OppLoans on  YouTube  |  Facebook  |  Twitter  |  LinkedINContributorsTracy Julien is VP of Marketing for  GuidedChoice (@GuidedChoice), a leader in retirement investment planning and managed IRAs. Tracy received her Bachelor’s degree from Ohio University in 2000 and her MBA in Marketing Management from DePaul University in 2006. She has over 15 years of experience working for brands like FTD, the Blue Cross, and Unilever.Amanda Raimondi and is a financial expert and writer for  Kiwi Searches (@kiwisearches).Claudia Sidoti, Head Chef and Head of Recipe Development at  HelloFresh (@HelloFresh),  brings more than thirty years of experience to the HelloFresh kitchen, most recently hailing from Food Network, where for over eight years she served as Test Kitchen Director, leading culinary content and contributing more than 3,000 recipes to Food Network Magazine. She began her career at 19 as chef and restaurateur in New York City, spending eight years in the kitchen at Onini restaurant before shifting gears and food styling for television commercials, editorial,  and ad campaigns. She later launched catering company Beauty the Feast, along with Urban Market, an international specialty food shop that featured authentic dishes inspired by her multicultural family. At HelloFresh, she focuses on expanding and honing the robust database of delicious, easy-to-follow recipes for home cooks, which currently houses more than 1,000 unique recipes.Holly Wolf is an executive with over 30 years experience in banking and healthcare.

Standard Of Proof Common Civil Law Comparative Perspective Law Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2283 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Did you like this example? In both legal systems, common law and civil law, criminal and civil matters are the majority of issues occurring in legal proceeding. Criminal matters are legal affiliation between governments and citizens in which governments take a superior position. Criminal process, typically although not exclusively, is initiated by the government or an agency of government, and is directed towards the punishment of an individual who is alleged to have contravened a rule of conduct for which such punishment has been made the sanction.  [1]  In contrast, civil matters concern legal relationship among citizens with in which every party has an equal position. Civil matters are related to protection of personal rights considering loss of the breach of private obligations.  [2]  Consequently, this broad distinction influences any processes during examination in courts, particularly in the standards of proof, in both common law and civil law systems.  [3] The scope of this essay focuses on the proof process in courts. This essay will initially explain the differences between common law and civil law. Then, it will compare the standard of proof in both criminal and civil matters in common law jurisdiction. Next, it will also contrast the differences between standard of proof in both criminal and civil matters in Indonesia as a civil law country. In this context, common law refers to a legal system which comes from the English legal system, whereas civil law refers to a legal system which comes from the European continental system or Roman law and the Germanic tradition.  [4]  It can be seen that both system are products of western civilization.  [5]  There are three main differences in the characteristics of common law and civil law, namely applying and interpreting the law stated in a statute to cases, the roles of jury and judges, and the binding force of precedents.  [6] In the common law system, laws are usually created by judi cial decision, and thus law contained in code is a secondary resource.  [7]  On the contrary, in civil law, courts should be denied any interpretative function and should be required to refer problems of statutory interpretation to the legislature itself for solution.  [8]  This difference is affected because of the difference of role of legislator. In common law, the legislator provides the main task of courts to create law, while in civil law courts should apply the law which is created by the legislator.  [9] The role of jury has significant influence in courts in common law tradition.  [10]  The jury is representative of citizens to establish decision. On the other hand, in civil law tradition, judges decide cases based on the evidence in examination process. Jury is unknown in civil law tradition.  [11]  After examining evidence and witnesses, and hearing indictment and pleading, judges discuss and then formulate verdict of a case. Therefore, in civil law c ourts, judges roles include leading trial process, examining evidence and witnesses, and create a verdict. Courts decisions should be similar to previous decisions. This is a consequence of the doctrine of precedents in the common law system. However, in civil law system, this doctrine is not applied. Every judges decision could be different from other or previous decisions. The main role of the court is to establish the law legislated by legislator to cases. Beside three main differences, there are also some differences between common law and civil law. The common law procedure is usually called adversarial, while civil law it called inquisitorial.  [12]  Another difference is in the common law, oral evidence usually is positioned over written evidence, whereas in the civil law, written evidence prevails over oral evidence.  [13]  Moreover, common law tradition is known preparation of witnesses, but in civil law, preparation of witnesses is not allowed. In common l aw, a standard of proof in criminal law and civil law trials are different. The standard of proof in criminal proceedings is beyond reasonable doubt, while in civil proceeding is balance of probabilities. This dissimilarity might be because of the difference between criminal and civil matters are. It has been explained above, that criminal matters are legal affiliation between governments and citizens in which governments take a superior position. On the other hand, civil matters are related to protection of personal rights considering loss of the breach of private obligations.  [14]  Therefore, the distinction influences many aspects during examination process. In criminal proceedings, the burden of proof is on the prosecution. The prosecution have the burden of proving the quilt of the accused person beyond reasonable doubt.  [15]  It means that the prosecution should convince the jury that the defendant is guilty by showing evidence. Moreover, the defendants also have the rights to persuade the jury by preset their own evidence. Therefore, it can be said The prosecution and defence have only two polar options to choose from when bargaining to settle the criminal case.  [16] The judges, in criminal trials, are actively pursuit ultimate truth. The judges also have obligation to organise criminal proceeding in order to ensure that every party: the prosecutor, the defendant and the jury, is able to serve their rights. Furthermore, one of the functions of the judge is to inform the jury about the meaning of key terms, the principles of the applicable law, and the facts which must be proved to justify their verdict.  [17] In civil proceeding, on the contrary, judges are less active to examine evidence and witnesses. The parties in dispute has obligation to present evidence and witnesses and it can be established cross examination. They have to provide sufficient evidence to support their position.  [18]  In the other word, the party with the burden of proof need only prove his claim by a so-called preponderance of evidence.  [19]  Moreover, the plaintiff prevails only if the preponderance of the evidence is in the plaintiffs favour.  [20] Indonesia is a civil law country. Historically, this is because Indonesia received the legal system from Dutch colonial government and as a consequence of concordance principle. Indonesia, recently, has revised most of the acts which it received from the Netherlands government. In criminal law, Indonesia revised the main procedural act in 1981 (KItab Undang-undang Hukum Pidana/KUHAP),  [21]  but the main substantive law is processed in the parliament. On the contrary, Indonesian main acts associated with civil matters have not been revised. Consequently, Indonesia still imposes both the main substantive and procedural law in civil matters legislated before Indonesia become independent. Therefore, Indonesian Criminal Procedural Code could be in compliance with social ch ange, while the civil procedural act might be unable to be suitable with Indonesian social movement. Based on this situation, it seems that the distinction contributes to the implementation of criminal and civil procedural acts. Standard of proof, particularly, in civil matters and criminal matters are quite different. There are four main differences in this area, namely the main purpose of examination on the court, the judges roles and the kinds of evidence and reasons in judges decision. In common law jurisdiction, there are beyond reasonable doubt in criminal matters and balance of probabilities in civil matters. Similarly, in civil law jurisdiction, there are material truth in criminal matters and formal truth in civil matters as the main standard of examination on courts. Basically, criminal courts must actively find and obtain a material truth or at least closest to the ultimate truth.  [22]  Material truth constitutes as the essential aim for all parties (judges, at torney and defendant) in criminal court to prove the evidence completely as the fact of a case. In contrast, civil court must decide cases based on evidence provided by both parties. It seems that both parties have responsibility to present evidence. Consequently, a party is obliged to produce only those documents which are referred to in its pleadings.  [23]  In addition, in civil law the complaint actually determines the parameters of the case.  [24]  It means that civil courts would only focus on the complaint in the examination process. In criminal trial, attorneys must draw prejudgement in the beginning as a reference of examination.  [25]  The prejudgment contains defendants acts and rules related with the acts.  [26]  Thus, the responsibility for proving the acts is on the attorneys. This is because of the principle of presumption of innocence.  [27]  The attorneys have more responsibility to make the judges believe that the defendant is guilty by sh owing the proof.  [28]  Moreover, judges must decide cases based on prejudgment. If in the court, prejudgment could not be proved because the attorneys make mistakes in applying rules, consequently, judges will decide to release the defendant.  [29]  Even though, defendants acts were proved completely. The consequence of material truth is judges must also actively find facts of cases.  [30]  It is called inquisitorial.  [31]  Judges not only examine the evidence or witnesses showed by attorneys and defendants, but also they could command attorneys and defendants to present others evidence and witnesses. The judge does not have to wait for the counsels to present evidence, but he or she can actively initiate introducing of relevant evidence and may order one of the parties to disclose evidence in its possession.  [32]  This is for the reason that judges want to make sure that the defendant is guilty or not. Even though, if defendants admit a crime, but there is no evidence, judges will decide to release them.  [33]  This is because judges must meet with real truth. On the other hand, in civil trials, judges are rather passive when examining evidence and witnesses. This passive way also means that if the parties in dispute agree to finish the conflict, the judges cannot impede the agreement.  [34]  In addition Civil law procedure is usually called inquisitorial, because the judge examines the witnesses, and the parties in dispute practically have no right of cross-examination.  [35]  In Indonesian civil trials, burden of proof is on a party that have the greater opportunity to prove it.  [36]  Moreover, there is a principle called audi et altera parte. It means that judges are not allowed to justify a statement from a party, unless they clarify to the other party.  [37]  Finally, the judges decide that the party who could show more solid evidence would be considered as the winner. There are five kinds of evidence in Indonesian criminal courts.  [38]  This evidence is stated in KUHAP from the strongest to the weakest. First position is witnesses explanations, then experts information. There are three criteria of people who can be a witness. They are those who are or have experiencing, seeing and hearing something related directly to a case.  [39]  Indonesia practices unus testis nullus testis principle, which says judges decision cannot be only based on one witness, it must be based on at least two witnesses.  [40]  On the contrary, experts must present information that is only related to their knowledge.  [41]  Furthermore, the third form of evidence is written documents, and followed by clues. Documents are which is issued by the authority.  [42]  Clues are information or acts which can be linked logically one to another, and thus they create a logical conclusion.  [43]  In addition, defendants explanations take the last position. Defendants explanation can be withdr awn during the examination process.  [44] In civil court, there are five sorts of evidence. Similarly, the evidence is stated in HIR from the strongest to the weakest.  [45]  First evidence is documents. Based on HIR article 165-167, documents are signed letters containing incidents and constitute as basis of rights and agreements for making evidence. Different with evidence in criminal court, witnesses take the second position. The classifications of witnesses in civil courts are quite similar with criminal courts. Witnesses are people experiencing, seeing and hearing something related directly to a case.  [46]  The principle of unus testis nullus testis is also applicable in these courts. Moreover, the third position is presupposition. Presupposition means a conclusion which is created from information in documents and witnesses.  [47]  The last two positions are admission and oath. Admission is a partys statement justifying the opposite partys rights or an event.   [48]  As a consequence of this, the opposite party is not obligated to prove its rights or event.  [49]  Additionally, based on 155, 156, 158,177 HIR oath in this terms does not mean how to make an oath, but information or statements which are given under oath.  [50] Indonesian criminal courts practice Negatief Wettelijk Stelsel as the reason for judges to make verdict. Negatief Wettelijk Stelsel means that decision of judges based on prejudgement must be based on two reasons.  [51]  First, judges strongly believe that a defendant is guilty. Secondly, the belief is supported by at least two pieces of evidence which have been determined by rules.  [52]  Consequently, judges belief and proved evidence are united and cannot be separated. In Indonesian civil courts, a judges decision must consist of adequate and faultless reasons and considerable.  [53]  Additionally, judges decision must show articles from acts and unwritten rules as reference for judging.   [54]  Moreover, judges cannot decide something which is not requested or claimed by the parties. Therefore, the decision could grant or not grant all or some of the requests or claims, but it cannot add something which is not requested or claimed by the parties.  [55] There are broad distinctions between civil law and criminal law, particularly in the proof process, in both the common law and civil law system. Based on the arguments mentioned above, it can be concluded that the distinctions seem insignificant. Basically, it can be seen that justice could still be reached, even though there is a difference in the manner of proof process. Moreover, standard of proof in civil law and criminal law can be said to be similar. Beyond reasonable doubt in common law, and material truth in civil law have the same purpose to obtain certainty of facts. Similarly, the balance of probabilities in common law and formal truth in civil law have the same goal. The important thing is the di fferences which exist between civil law and common law should not be exaggerated.  [56] Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Standard Of Proof Common Civil Law Comparative Perspective Law Essay" essay for you Create order

The Underlying Factors Of Curiosity - 1412 Words

When humans are born and experience sight for the first time, they start upon an involuntary journey of discovery. As senses develop, infants find themselves surrounded by limitless stimuli and sources of perplexity. Surprisingly, through the noise of this new environment, questions begin to take root: Who is she? What is that? Where am I? This curiosity, or the desire to learn something, emerges uninvited when faced with the unknown, and is present from birth (Berlyne, 1950). In some cases, by following these mental itches, one can discover a facet of existence previously unbeknownst to her or possibly anyone else. However, sometimes there are dire consequences from taking an uncharted path. Through this paper, I consider the underlying†¦show more content†¦This area of the brain plays a central role in managing reward-oriented behaviors, and is now believed to be fundamental in the formation of curiosity. Additionally, the same region is responsible for addiction, which sh ows a parallel between the desire for information and the craving for something harmful. The drive one feels to answer a question or challenge a presupposition is evidently meant to result in a feeling of pleasure; thus, on a neurological level, curiosity should accompany a release of dopamine, serotonin, or other opioid chemicals (Berlyne, 1960). Most forms of pleasure seeking behavior are attempted because, sometime in the past, a similar action resulted in a discharge of dopamine. Dopamine is one of the most important neurotransmitters, but it is also a major cause of addiction. Certain pleasurable activities, some as benign as solving problems or eating food, will result in increased dopamine levels. On the other hand, dopamine can also be released in the presence of negative stimuli, such as pain. What this relationship shows is that dopamine is a motivational factor, both in seeking pleasure and avoiding displeasure; yet, the important takeaway is that curiosity, just like giving in to addiction, is acted upon in the anticipation of satisfaction, when in reality it may end adversely (Jordan, 2005). Physiological Factors Unlike the neurological aspects, the physiological changes associated with curiosity are not as

Similarities Between Dracula And Frankenstein - 1455 Words

Alex Tran English 1b Tim Melnarik Dracula or Frankenstein To be considered a monster the character must possess an appalling appearance or personality. Monsters have heavily been prevalent throughout human history, striking fear into the hearts of people for centuries. In Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and Bram Stoker’s Dracula Frankenstein’s monster and Dracula possess appalling personalities and exterior that attributes to their own unique monstrosity. They are both iconic monsters that have terrified people around the world for ages. However, they are two very different creatures; for instance Frankenstein is a monster because he is shunned by society for his grotesque appearance. Dracula is a monster because he feasts upon the living for†¦show more content†¦Out of resentment Frankenstein aims to harm his creator, Viktor Frankenstein, by murdering those close to him. Frankenstein’s monster would strive to murder innocent people closest to Frankenstein as revenge for abandoning hi m and for his grotesque appearance. His lust for revenge is further exploited when Frankenstein breaks his promise of creating the monster a partner, therefore the monster retaliates in vengeance by murdering Elizabeth â€Å"leaving a murderous mark of his grasp on her neck† (Shelley, 242). The monster’s murderous intent is fueled by his lust for revenge against his creator. Blaming Frankenstein for all of his misfortunes, such as his horrific appearance and not relieving him of his solitude by not granting him a partner. Revenge forged Frankenstein’s monster from a compassionate giant to a vengeful monster. Dracula and Frankenstein’s monster share the same attribute that all monsters possess which is murdering innocent human beings. Frankenstein’s monster and Dracula have differing beginnings and motivations that makes them uniquely different from one another. Frankenstein’s monster was created from the experiments of Viktor Frankenstein in hopes of creating the perfect human being. However, those hopes did not come to fruition as he created a grotesque monster. Frankenstein abandons the monster, stating â€Å"[He] was unable to endure the aspect of the monster that [he] created† (Shelley, 36). Viktor Frankenstein had already deemed his creation as aShow MoreRelatedComparing The Movie Frankenstein And Frankenstein2368 Words   |  10 PagesThe two classic movies Dracula and Frankenstein both have very different stories from one another but the similarities between the two movies is the characteristics of their main characters. The main idea between the two movies is that they are both fascinated with creatures which are Count Dracula and Frankenstein’s monster that are irregular, dangerous, and abnormal from others beings in their movies. 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Bureaucratic Procedures and Cultural Control-Samples for Students

Question: Identify two of the four forms of control (Knights and Willmott, 2012) which have been used in Unit 2 as a framework. You should therefore choose TWO from the following: Direct supervision. Bureaucratic procedures. Cultural control. Output and self-regulation. Use these two frameworks for organising ideas, concepts and theories that relate to the different techniques associated with getting employees to do what the organisation wants them to do. Answer: Bureaucratic procedures: Bureaucracy within an organization refers to the system and its procedures which contribute in maintaining the authority and a sense of uniformity within the organization. This form of control within the organization is mostly common for the large organizations where the administrator has a specific rule of controlling the internal behavior. It is basically a structure of the organization which defines the rules and regulations of the organization. According to Grove and Hinton (2013), bureaucracy is the superior to any other organizational form and within any large organization, the bureaucratic procedures are indispensable. However, this practice becomes omnipresent in the formulation and implementation of any policy within the organization. The implementation of any policy in the organization also strengthens the bureaucratic procedures and its operational spheres (Stamatovic, Maksimovic and Tornjanski 2016). The theories of motivation and control such as Herzbergs Two-Factor Theo ry of Motivation and Vroom's expectancy theory indicate the form of direct control over the employees. Within the bureaucratic procedures, there are three frameworks which indicate the reflection of the comparative performance of these forms along with the shifts in the cultural issues with the organizational performances. The frameworks are discussed below: Functional Performance The formal organizations are methods of governing the performance and the administrative behaviors along with the fact that the organizational forms only increase while they are capable of providing solutions. Cultural Prescriptions This framework suggests that the formal organizations have infused the value across the technical requirements of the organization. As stated by Stamatovic, Maksimovic and Tornjanski (2016) every organization carries a particular cultural value and its expectations but the organization only flourishes when it matches both the organizational expectations and the expectations of the employees. Power Distributions This framework suggests a conflict over the standard of performances. With a large organization, there is always a power struggle amongst the administrative figures (Grove and Hinton 2013). If the bureaucratic organization declines, it shows a regular shift in the power relations which brings several new kinds of problems. In the bureaucratic organizations, there are mostly full time employees with the employment contract of life-long, organized salaries, careers and pension plans, promotion after a certain gap of time on the basis of their merit, education and their tenure, legal protection and several other amenities. These exercises are tied to the public resources and the authorities as well. Within such organizations with bureaucratic practices, they are expected to follow the orders the rules on a voluntarily basis as they have been given legitimate and rational orders (Dan-Cohen 2016). However, the organizations are also expected to follow the basic rules and provide its employees their primary requirement in order to motivate them towards the shared goal. Herzbergs Two-Factor Theory of Motivation identifies that there are two kinds of motivational factors that the organization can provide its employees. The first one being the hygiene factors and the later one is the motivational factors (Dan-C ohen 2016). The hygiene factors are the essential job factors which contribute to the motivations of the employees within the organization. Even if these factors do not contribute to provide a satisfaction right away, but if these hygiene factors are not present within the organization, it may lead to the dissatisfaction of the employees. These factors include pay structure of the employees, administrative policy of the company, fringe benefits, employee status, working conditions and interpersonal relations (Lukwago, Basheka and ODUBUKER 2014). In the bureaucratic organizations, the pay structure and the employee benefits are fixed, the organization should make sure that the employees are receiving their individual benefits on a regular basis. The entire structure of the administration should be transparent so that it ensures that the employees are receiving their benefits and their pay structure is justified according to the industry structure. Other than these factors, there are also motivational factors such as recognition, promotional opportunities, sense of achievements, meaningful work and several others. Even though within the bureaucratic procedures the promotional opportunities are fixed, the authority should ensure that they are being recognized for their job performance and they are considering themselves to be responsible for their own mistakes. These factors will contribute to the motivational level of the employees and will emphasize on the enrichment of the jobs of the employees. Another theory, Expectancy Theory put emphasis on the fact that if the effort increases, it will also contribute to the increased performances of the employees. This effort can be influenced by several factors such as skills of the employees, resources and the necessary support (Vroom, Yetton and Jago 2015). Within the bureaucratic organizations, the employees are hired on the basis of their skills and education, but the authority requires ensuring that the employees are receiving enough resources and necessary support from the management. This will increase the level of their performance as well. Cultural Control Every organization needs to go through a series of definite systems that help them to gain a sustainable future in the industry. In order to do so, it is extremely effective to have control over the staffs of the organizations v The management of the organizations should look to establish that control. The organizations should maintain certain ethics and control over the employees so that they can behave themselves. It is not just fine to tell them to do certain things in the organization. Their actions should be changed and they should be motivated properly to behave in a certain way (Chen 2012). There can be four types of control that can be effective within the organization. These are the direct control or behavior, control through rules and procedures, control through maintain a good organizational culture and controlling the employees through performance. In this segment, the control through culture has to be described because organizational culture is an extremely important factor in every organization (Chen 2012). Control through culture In every organization, certain patterns of behavior, rules, rituals have to be maintained so that so that the professional environment can become more competitive and well-behaved. There are certain individuals within every organization who violate all the social norms and professional ethics and disrupt the organizational culture (Alvesson 2012). This has to be looked as negative. They have to be punished properly for doing that and make sure the proper organizational culture is restored. It has been seen almost in every organization that certain social norms are maintained, whether they encourage individuality or conformity. The seniors of the organizations very often enforce these social norms on the organizations. The unethical practices within the organization must be discouraged by the management (Goetsch and Davis 2014). Almost all the companies have written mission statements that help them to secure the organizational culture. All the employees and members of the organization have to maintain these etiquettes that ensure a proper business environment. The business environment and culture has to be spontaneous and it has to be deliberate (Goetsch and Davis 2014). These mission statements help the employees to behave in a certain way that helps to keep up the good reputation and brand image of the organization. The employees have to be motivated, be able to work as a team and maintain their ethical responsibilities properly (Anitha 2014). The employees are provided with all the details on the first day of their job. They should be able to behave in a proper way after they get that and try be on the same page with other employees as teamwork is very necessary (Goetsch and Davis 2014). The company handbooks provide the employees with many important details like the nondisclosure agreements, anti-discrimination policies, expected work schedules, various codes of conduct within the office premises, maintenance of the business ethics and other general information regarding the company. The employees should follow these things properly and if in any case these rules and regulations are violated, they may be aware of the outcomes too. This could result in written oral reprimands by the senior managers and even this could lead to the termination of the employees (Anitha 2014). There is a term in the modern business organizations known as deliberate role modeling (Goetsch and Davis 2014). This is to be in line with the fact that the employees receive training in the organization when they are hired in a new job. They are made aware of the ethics and culture that the employees have to maintain in the office and what should they face if they do not maintain these things. They should be informed about their job roles and expectations from the management. They should maintain the organizational culture and values at any cost. There are certain theories in the context of cultural control of the management. The expectancy theory focuses on the fact that effort of the employees can lead to improve the performance of the employees (Renko, Kroeck and Bullough 2012). The better the employee performs, the more he will be rewarded by the organization. Bad performance of the employees will lead to bad impressions. The rewards they get will help them to achieve their personal goals. The equity theory of motivation says that the employees have to be treated as same in the organization so that there should exist no jealousy between them (Al-Zawahreh and Al-Madi, 2012). Pay rise and promotions may have de-motivating effect on others. All of them should be treated and be motivated by the leaders to achieve the organizational goals. This will create a helpful working environment and cultural competency as well. The management will have a better control over the employees by applying these organizational cultural factors . Reference List Alvesson, M., 2012.Understanding organizational culture. Sage. Al-Zawahreh, A. and Al-Madi, F., 2012. The utility of equity theory in enhancing organizational effectiveness.European journal of economics, finance and administrative sciences,46, pp.158-170. Anitha, J., 2014. Determinants of employee engagement and their impact on employee performance.International journal of productivity and performance management. Chen, X., 2012. Culture, peer interaction, and socioemotional development.Child Development Perspectives,6(1), pp.27-34. Dan-Cohen, M., 2016.Rights, persons, and organizations: A legal theory for bureaucratic society(Vol. 26). Quid Pro Books. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014.Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Groves, L. and Hinton, R. eds., 2013.Inclusive aid: Changing power and relationships in international development. Routledge. Lukwago, G., Basheka, B. and ODUBUKER, D.E.P., 2014. USING HERZBERGS TWO FACTOR THEORY TO DEVELOP A CONSTRUCT VALIDITY FOR MOTIVATION OF EMPLOYEES IN UGANDAS NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH ORGANISATION (NARO): A PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS.Global Journal of Commerce Management Perspective,3(3), pp.59-65. Renko, M., Kroeck, K.G. and Bullough, A., 2012. Expectancy theory and nascent entrepreneurship.Small Business Economics,39(3), pp.667-684. Stamatovic, M., Maksimovic, S. and Tornjanski, A., 2016. THE COMPARISON BETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR EFFICIENCY-ARE THE BUREAUCRATIC PROCEDURES THE SOURCE OF INEFFICIENCY?.Ekonomika,62(3), p.111. Vroom, V., Yetton, P. and Jago, A., 2015. Normative decision process theory.chair in human resources at the State University of New YorkBuffalo and was faculty director of the Center for Entrepreneurial Leadership there. Previously he was Research Professor of Management at Georgia State University. He has written over fifty books and over 135 other publications., p.207.